Customer Relationship Management

guest human kin ManagementThis excogitate aims to examine the causal births among client kind counseling and client part hold ofing. This paper testament follow the briny aspects, characteristics, dimensions and processes of node kinship Management, and allow for collapse the ch aloneenges that the local companies will imbibe to face. t here is one in bloodsuc great power multivariate ( guest kinship perplexity) and one dependent variable ( guest memory) with sample size 100 as convenience data collection. In this psychoanalyse will test the tar wash uped guest joy to gain node hardcorety as well as. This theatre of operations will be examining the military force of node consanguinity perceptions and affinity merc good swopise on clients relations. client family perceptions argon considered evaluations of consanguinity specialty and suppliers offerings. Research market instruments atomic number 18 aimed at to evaluate the kin and armed service to divers(prenominal)iate between homage or reward programs promotions. The subjects for the proposed piece of work were bank guests. A self administered questionnaire had been used for the proposed study. initiationThis part will be helping reader to introducing the bigger image of tie in topic which will be discussed in this study. The topic is related to customer relationship caution and customer remembering to study what would be the impact of good relationship between marketers and the final consumer and a large with this develop to follow the topic. The capability of customer relationship focussing on customer retentivity in opposite dustup how it will has an impact to persist in customer and to set up him or her loyal this is the main purpose to study this topic and this will be the main focus of this tactile sensation into. We atomic number 18 conducting this research to study that either the customers would be kneadd by good relationship guidance and how much the relationship commission would be help them turn out to guard customers devotion as well. Basic entirelyy the main concept of customer relationship is relationship between the customer and the constitution in other speech how a gild posterior achieve large number of authority customer who is willing to bargain a particular brand of uni haoma company and then how they be going to extend in the hanker tramp. Nowadays companies be willing to deliver right brand or serve up to the right customer with right features and benefits or attri only ifes when the wanted. To vex a good organization it should to manage good relationships with its customer in regularize to make much customers or to attract them and as well as keep in view with companys changing environment. Consumers willing to buy benefits and likewise interested to get good attend tos as well as if we ar lecture nearly here the tele communication industry so we suck up dissever of examples of incompatible companies runs which they are providing innovatively to squelched their customers c tout ensemble for, wants and requirements similarly. All the companied are all overture up with different and innovative ideas and using as a manner to compete with their competitors successfully and because of that consumers are getting more aware with different and lots of function which are also increasing customers necessarily.This research is real focusing on two areas, first is to test is in that respect substantive impact of customer relationship perception on customer retention or non? And second is, there is world-shaking impact of relationship marketing instruments on customer retention or not? Because every(prenominal) company has aim to look at got their current customer as long as much and also try to steal a room from their rivals, so this study is testing the impact of customer relationship perception and relationship marketing instruments o n customer retention. I took tele-communication industry to test customer retention that how much good relationships and marketing instruments have an impact to retain customers on the long term basis. The current expansion in customer relationship marketing has more and more paying financial aid towards the pricey impacts of consumer retention. The idea of structuring customer relationships and providing good quality service to maintain or persuade reliability is possibly of particular signifi tooshiece in the service segment where it is frequently discussed that consumer appeal cost are considerably more than retention costs. The main purpose of investment in the expansion of service quality and consumer relationships is the faith that these investments will improve dedication, retention and productivity. This study will discover the relationship between service quality consumer relationships and consumer fealty and retention. guest relationship is playing an important part within the organization as they are the keys in order to sum up the sales, market shares and net dough, marketers are more focused straightawayadays to attracting and fashioning more customers and plus to retain them forever, customer relationship process is very momentous strategy to retaining, pertaining and acquiring quality customers or potential customers to make superior quality for the organization and for the customers. Marketing productivity can be achieved by bring into be marketing efficiency and create marketing hard-hittingness. guest relationship circumspection is playing a key role to improve organizations well haven report also. The main idea of this study is to test the impact of marketing instruments and customer relationship perception and to test how these two techniques are effective to influence customers, either it works actually or maybe it is not.Through data collection and market research we will be able to settle down this argue. guest rela tionship management must be understand the rest between the lavishly shelter customer and low value customer on the basis of lifestyle, perception, preferences, age, finish background and education also. Being a marketer we should focused on loyal customers because they are more fat key customers company should has to invest more on loyal customers to get hold of them high quality service, benefits and bonuss also to retain them and this would be good way to be a positive impact on customers perception. Companies nowadays are diligently working on this sector to improve companys operate in order to attract more customers. customer relationship management is simply a philosophy that keeps the customers in the heart of the backup organization, as we all live that consumer is a king of marketing companies should have serve them as best as they can. A successful customer relationship management process can be done by understanding customers needs and requirements and to integ rate them according to the organizations internal strategy changings time to time and also according to the external changings analysis. Therefore the main aim is should be to pay off customer relationship management initiatives is to look what company is doing right now and what it should be doing in future to improve its interface with its customers.Purpose of This contractThis study is focused on the impact of customer relationship management on customer retention.In this research there will be multi nominal logestictechnique using to identify the impact of customer relationship management on customer retention, there is one independent variable (customer relationship management) and one dependent variable (customer retention) with sample size 100 as convenience data collection. In this study will test the targeted customer satisfaction to gain customer loyalty as well as. The organizations look for paths to trade with consumer relationships in the long term basis and to find the service providing ways customer to manage targeted customers relationship which becomes a key main concern. This study will be examining the effect of customer relationship perceptions and relationship marketing on customers relations. Customer relationship perceptions are considered evaluations of relationship strength and suppliers offerings. Research marketing instruments are aimed at to evaluate the relationship and help to differentiate between loyalty or reward programs promotions.Literature critiqueAccording to author nowadays in marketing the fashion to constructing or maintaining of relationships between the customers and the marketers is now become a ride outs process to build and enkindle to be strong and marketers have become gradually more mixed to retaining consumers for the long time in future to make them loyal. Not amazingly, a lot of graphic and theoretical models of consumer retention have discover fulfilment of their needs as a way to addressed in consum ers ruling to keep or leave or discontinue to the specific fabricate goods or service relationship or connection. Certainly, fulfillment of needs can be stones throw have accounted for up to 40% of the difference in models of Consumer retention. (Lemon, 2002)Managers of umteen multinational companies are strongly believed that there is a large and rising subject of study explores on consumer fulfillment that center of primarily on person level of fulfillments of desires with specific merchandise or services. sanely frailly concentrationIs paying to the determining(prenominal)s of marketplace level of satisfaction, which is distinct here as the collective fulfillment of those who buy and use a specific good saluteing. The researcher objective is to build and experiment an attack to riposte satisfaction that connects to the market place prospect, supposed performance or worth and consumer satisfaction over time(Johnson, Anderson, Fornell)According to a researcher of this s tudy that the main purpose of this study is that the consumerGaining turn has an effect on the consumer retention procedure. This study shows a method for discovering consumer retention which determinant for the effect the consumer gaining procedure has on the retention procedure infect although information on non get prediction are not accessible. In other words if we are talking about statically so this means that the intend technique at the same time addresses information will be editing. This is very significant to code that the center of this technique is not to address how companies shouldObtain consumers. In its place, the purpose of this technique is to accurate for the partiality in the consumer retention study that answer from imagining that consumer acquirement and retentionAre independent procedure. evaluating the technique with a figure technique used in retention study, this study illustrates that the normal approach disregard the connection among attainment and r etention, guides to wrong conclusion concerning the menstruum of the consumer company connection and the productivity of a consumer and mystification concerning the effect of marketing strategy on the period of the consumer company association (Thomas, 2001)Now a days the fashion in marketing in the direction to making associations with consumers keep on to raise and managers have been now more and more paying attention in retaining consumers during the time. Not amazingly, a lot of rea discoveric and academic facsimile of consumer retention has discovered fulfillment since an in drop determinant in consumers choices to remain or fall that is discontinued. In other words a known manufactured goods or service relationship. Certainly, fulfillment of desires procedures have determinant at least 40% of the variation in representation of consumer retention. In this study, we search for to know which further aspects power manipulate the consumers choices to remain or go down a manufact ured goods or service, over and in a higher place satisfaction level (Lemon, White, Winer)Customer relationship managementCustomer relationship management (CRM) is a grouping of exclusives, processes, and technology intended to notice and deal with a companys affairs with consumers by emphasize on relationship development and customer retention. Its intention is to increase profit by achieving a around favorable equilibrium among corporate investments and customer satisfaction. CRM applications help organizations analyze customer loyalty and favourableness on measures such(prenominal) as recall procures, dollars spent, and longevity (Chen Popovich, 2003).CRM also analyzes its roots to relationship marketing, which is objected at meliorate favourableness in the long run by deemphasizing captivating fresh consumers and emphasizing customer retention through efficient management of customer relationships (Christopher, Payne, Ballantyne, 1991). Relationship marketing refers to all marketing activities aimed at forming, increasing, and maintaining winning relational contacts. The management of customer relationships is cunning for the company (Morgan Hunt, 1994 Webster, 1992).Customer Relationship Management has been al closely for the last 30 years, but it became very significant when companies altered their approach towards marketing function. These days, the cross-functional approach to marketing needs an organizational climate and culture that appreciates teamwork and support among departments. Individuals within the business must value their part in helping clients, internal or external one. CRM builds on the values of relationship marketing and recognizes that clients are a business asset and not serious a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to Processes, information are used proactively quite than reactively and form the one-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006)chiefly CRM allows the company to realize who their emptor is, isolate the best client (those with whom you wish to have old associations), form relationships stretching over time and linking multiple interactions, handle the bond to dual-lane benefit, search for to obtaining more of those best clients. Inputs like marketing tactics, products and customer base, and regulation, competitors and cater skills are synthesized in a CRM programmer which forms outputs as customer service, customer retention, more share of wallet, customer referral, more expected revenues streams, better profitability, lesser costs and better fulfillment (Russell-Jones, 2003).CRM has its roots in Relationship Marketing, that is an over effort of exchange associates to make a long-term relationship, characterized by purpose-built support and shared reliance on the growth of social as well as structural association (Pulde, 1999). Light (2003) acknowledged that CRM originated from business processes such as relationship marketing and the increased highlighting on better customer retention through the efficient management of customer relationships.A CRM system can be observed as an opening move information system that holds all business processes in marketing, sales, , and after-sale service that entails the client. Levine (2000) points out that CRM systems use customer-related information or knowledge to convey related products or services to the companys clients. One of the most important definitions of a CRM system has been put antecedent by Davenport et al. (2001), stating that CRM systems are all the tools, technologies and actions to direct, progress or make headway sales, support and linked relations with clients, prospects, and business associates all through the enterprise. In the same way, Parvatiyar Sheth (2002) speak of CRM systems as a co partnering with choosy clients to create better worth for the company and the clients. It involves the integration of marketing, sales, customer service, and the supply-ch ain functions of the organization to attain better efficiencies and competence in delivering customer value.CRM is about captivating and care clients and increasing your business. To do so, you must recognize and achieve insight into your most valuable clients so you can aim and personalize relations with them. You have to alter products and services ground on their requirements andPreferences and construct long-term, beneficial relations with them. To encourage beneficial growth, your corporation must become a customer focused enterprise. You do so by designingand constantly improving business processes and communication channels to build and convey greater customer value and outstanding customer get downs across all touch points. You know that loyal customers are your most vital assets and that your business practices must hold andmaintain such relationships. Your business must understand individual customer requirements, react rapidly to customer desires and altering wants, an d offer high-quality service. You must also lessen the cost of interacting with clients and allow your workers to focus on doing what they do most excellent.Customer relationship management (CRM) is a mixture of individuals, processes, and technology designed to recognize and control a companys relations with clients by focusing onrelationship development and customer retention (Chen Popovich, 2003). Its intention is toincrease profit by obtaining an optimum equilibrium among corporate investments and clientcontentment. CRM applications assist organizations judge customer loyalty and productivity onMeasures such as accept purchases, dollars spent, and longevity (Chen Popovich, 2003).CRM traces its roots to relationship marketing, which is targeted at improving long run profitability by deemphasizing captivating fresh clients and emphasizing customer retention through efficient management of customer relationships (Christopher, Payne, Ballantyne, 1991). Relationship marketing re fers to all marketing activities aimed at establishing, budding, and maintaining booming relational exchanges (Morgan Hunt, 1994). The management of customer relationships is precious for the corporation (Morgan Hunt, 1994 Webster, 1992). Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh (1987) points out those customer relationships grow over different points that are associated to the customer lifecycle. Greve and Albers (2006) identify three customer lifecycle phases Initiation, Maintenance and Retention. These phases are characterized by differences in attitudes and orientations and thus need different management relationship approaches at each phase (Srivastava, Shervani, Fahey, 1998).Many organizations chartered with implementing CRM are confused as to what CRM in reality means (Payne, 2006). Persons, teams and managers might be struggling with where to fountain on in the CRM process. In a lot of cases they might have acknowledged a directive to implement a CRM solution with slight direction on what this in reality means. Payne (2006) points out that some of this disbelief may be due to the fact that there are many vendors who recommend CRM- base solutions for information management therefore skewing the definition of customer relationship management away from fostering customer relationships and on the way to technology.Customer retention is very vital for businesses to continue to be competitive. It has lately become more significant compared to customer acquisition. In this Study the customer retention was calculated by four proportions i.e. overall firm contentment, repeat purchase intentions, positive words of mouth and loyalty to the firm. Earlier researches showed that when clients were pleased with a firm quality of services, (Maxham III, 2000) clients delivered positive words of mouth and suggested the firm services to other potential and potential clients ( Soderland, 1998 Susskind, 2000 ). They also come back more regular to the firm to purchase in bigger amounts or in another words the tendency to repeat purchase was very high ( Palmer et al, 2000 ). In addition pleased clients were loyal to the firm even though they were given better perks, discount and other promotional bonuss by competitors. sprightly clients are loyal and tough to defect to competitors ( Foster Cardogan, 2002 Zins, 2001)Relationship management is superfluous if customers defect since there is further no relationship to deal with. To retain clients, merchants must carry on satisfying them. When consumers are pleased, they continue to stay loyal longer, purchase more, chat thoughtfully about the company and its goods, and price fewer to service since the transactions become more regular. In order to Keep customers content is price effective, as it outlays extra bills to tempt a customer away from the rivalry than to maintain the present one (Kotler, 2000)Acquiring new customers can cost five propagation more than the costs engaged in pleasing and retaining existing c ustomers (Reichheld, 1996). Further, there seems to be a direct association among retention and company profitability and customer worth, which is explained as an exclusive blend of benefits received by targeted buyers. These benefits include quality, cost, handiness, in time delivery, and both before-sale and after-sale service (Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2007).Also, a content emptor tends to tell at least three other individuals regarding their shopping experience while a discontented purchaser tends to complain to at least nine other individuals. Content buyers also tend to become loyal customers (Sheth, Mitral, Newman, 1999).Relationship marketing is suggested as an approach to beat service intangibility (Berry 1983) and may be suitable for credibility services that are the, services which are hard for consumers to counseling services are in this group. The customer may have an association with a firm itself and/or a particular contact individual, but personal relationships a re assumed to moment in larger commitment (Liechty and Churchill 1979).Customer Relationship Management (Payne, 2006) is based on the idea that in order for a company to make the most of long term profit, client requirements have to be mute and Leveraged (String fellow, Nie Bowen, 2004). Payne and Frow (2005) report that the definition of CRM differs broadly. One end of the range deals with very planned and targeted technology solutions while the other end considers customer relationship management a holistic and strategic approach in order to increase shareholder value (Payne Frow, 2005).Firms use relationship marketing instruments (RMIs), such as loyalty programs and direct mailings (Hart et al. 1999 Roberts and Berger 1999). Firms also aim to build close relationships with customers to raise customers relationship perceptions (CRPs). Although the impact of these tactics on customer retention has been inform (e.g., Bolton 1998 Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000), there is ske pticism about whether such tactics can observe in developing customer share in customer markets (Dowling 2002 Dowling and Uncles 1997).Relationship marketing is in reality Database marketing with a pleasant, more intelligent face. Many database marketing types just utilize the database as a list and mail things to it relationship marketing implies a deeper knowledge of the client and some sort of give and take. In relationship marketing, there is acknowledgement of a clients life cycle, and marketing is viewed as a practice rather than a sequence of apparently unrelated proceedings.The process is typically explained as a series of customer stages, and there are many different name specified to these stages, depending on the marketers viewpoint and the kind of business. For instance, working from the start of the association to the end of the associationInteraction Communication Valuation Terminationknowingness Comparison Transaction Reinforcement AdvocacySuspect Prospect Customer Partner Advocate Former Customerin this process, you attempt to interchange programs for individual customer groups and the stage of the process they are going all the way through as pivotal to some forms of database marketing where everyone would get almost the same promotions, with possibly a vary in offer. The phase in consumer lifecycle determines the approach used in marketing. An uncomplicated example of this would be delivering fresh clients a greeting Kit. And in relationship marketing, you pay attention to the data and attempt to listen to what its telling you. OK, if you pursue the techniques in the book, you are doing relationship marketing, no hesitation about it. Relationship marketing with a currency, a store of value that attempts to maintain the client locked up with a business. In loyalty programs, customer profiling is used broadly to encourage to clients, apart from points are used in its place of discounts as the incentive for practise. Loyalty p rograms are costly and hard to do right, but can be successful, as long as these things are trueThe rewards are desirable to the particular customer base. Generic loyalty programs with blah awards nearly all the time do not succeed. If you are doing a sports loyalty program and you suggest tickets to big games in place of over-priced cameras for rewards, you will do okay with the clients.The program is kept new and thrilling, with a continuous sort of stuff to entail the client with, as well as delicious of the rewards directory, point auctions, etc.The marketing does not focus on thoughts forming subsidy costs between finest clients. In the ideal world, you need to utilize points to create activity from little value clients, and you do not need your high value clients spending down their points to zero every time. Some marketers persuade the opposite and bankrupt their programs.Loyalty programs have extensively been a significant fortune of customer relationship management for f irms in travel related industries such as airlines, hotels, and rental cars. Information technology that enables firms to put into practice individual level marketing has facilitated the extend of loyalty programs into such diverse industries as gaming, financial services, and retailing (Deighton 2000). Some academic researchers have started to analyze loyalty programs. Behavior leaning researchers, such as Soman (1998) and Kivetz and Simonson (2002), have study the consequences of postponed incentives on consumer decisions.A unique feature of loyalty programs is that their attractiveness might alter with dynamism with respect to a customers decisions. As purchases are being made, all together the customers investment in the program and the customers luck of earning an incentive also enhances. on the other hand, when a customer decides not to buy in a specified time, the probability of earning an incentive minimizes, as the customer moves no closer to the incentive threshold, and th e time left to earn rewards shrinks. The evaluation of a programs attractiveness becomes more complex because customers usually have unsatisfactory awareness of their future necessities and of the marketing policies of the firm. These dynamic factors are a quarrel in the modeling of customer reaction to loyalty programs.Customer satisfaction has for several years been a key determinant in analyzing wherefore clientsDisappear or go on with with an organization. Each organization wants to know how to retain their clients, even if they show to be commodious. Richards refers that a few ungratified clients may wish not to defect, because they do not look forward to be given change service somewhere else and that some satisfied clients may look for other options if they think they can get improved services in another place. Customer satisfaction is viewed a significant indicator of customer retention but customer satisfaction is not all the time a guarantee of customer retention. Ret aining customers is also dependent on various other variables such as choices, conveniences, prices, and incomes (Richards, 1996 Jones and Sasser, 1995).Understanding the association among organizational strategy and customer loyalty is the Next region of examination. Oliver (1999) describes that customer loyalty will keep up a customer approach path back for upcoming buying in spite of situational influences and marketing Efforts having the probability to cause switching attitude. Several researchers consider that customer satisfaction is a principal driver of customer loyalty (Kotler Keller, 2006), on the other hand Oliver (1999) and McAlexander, Kim and Roberts (2003) caution that contentment is only one driver of customer loyalty and that other factors must be well thought-out, together with potential obstacles to creating and maintaining loyalty (Gurau, Ranchhod Hackney, 2003).Customer satisfactionFor customer satisfaction to be far above the ground, promises and hopes must be met. This involves the firms capability to recognize customer prospect. The ability to deal with problems as they arise is a key ingredient to success. Also, the organization needs to consider complaints as a gift Why?Customers who have an resultant role dealt with to their satisfaction have a 95% likelihood of repurchasing and telling 5 people about their experience if they dont complain (as 96% of people do) they will tell at least 10 other people about their problem.The occurrence of problems can cause a 15-to-30-point drop in high-satisfaction responses and in loyalty indicators. This puts revenue at risk to the average tune of 11%.So, some techniques to maintain and improve satisfaction must be considered. An effective complaint handling system is an excellent defensive tool. Ongoing surveys to measure customer satisfaction and loyalty, and capture the voice of the customer are also essential.The biggest problem, however, is that companies do not manage the customer contact experience with competent detail. Therefore I often recommend my Customer Experience shop as an effective analytical and improvement tool. It is practical and leads to speedy outcome.Customer retentionHavent we all heard the now-clichd quote Customer is the king? Not only is this true for all service orient businesses, but also increasingly relevant for all types of businesses like manufacturing, product based businesses etc. Never has been the customer more relevant to an organizations success than todays basically buyer focused markets.It, therefore, makes immense business sense to keep your customers from choosing other providers (your competitors) over you. Not only does this ensure you the advantages of repeat business, but also creates a comfort zone for the customer, where they can predict the quality of products and / or services theyll receive from you. It thus pays to manage and effectively retain satisfied customers. Customer retention is a series of activities and/o r strategies aimed at tutelage customers from defecting to your competitors.Customer Retention marketing is the kind of approach that is tactically-driven and is based on customer conduct or attitude. It is the central activity going on at the back the scenes in relationship marketing, loyalty marketing, database marketing, permission marketing, and so forth. Here is the fundamental viewpoint of a retention-oriented marketer1. Earlier and occurrent customer conduct is the best analyst of Future customer conduct. see about it. Generally, it is more frequently right than not right, and when it comes to action oriented behavior like going for purchases and visiting web sites, the thinking truly shines all the way through.We are discussing about real conduct here, not implied conduct. For instance a 35 year old lady is not a conduct it is a demographic trait. Acquire these two groups of prospective buyers who visit the NetIndividuals who are a perfect demographic daystar for your si te, but have not at all purchased online anyplace.Folks who are outside the center demographics for your site, but have bought online often from various different web sites.Suppose if one sends a 20% o

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications locomotive PBL Experiment WriteupIntroductionIn this PBL, we observe a case of biceps heftiness rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic accord. We will first go finished the anatomy of the f number limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps muscularity, heterotopic accordance and in the end mode of achieve of indomethacin.Learning Objectives1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the articulatio cubiti and carpus2. The neurovascular allow for to the upper limb3. Movements possible at correlatives of upper limb and the cheat of movements possible with regards to the jostle and wrist and the muscles that stimulate rough these actions.4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon5. Heterotopic accordance6. Mode of action of indomethacin1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the human shove and wristArmThe humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the s houlder to the forearm. Proximally, the inquiry of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the 2 get up of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below.Figure 1 Humerus (1)For anils case we will focus several magnanimous features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There be two projections on either ramp of the distal end of the humerus which ar the mesial and askant epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes further posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm sciolistic flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in among these two epicondyles are two articulary surfaces the round surfaced lateral spike heel which articulates with the radius and the spool molded medial trochlea wh ich articulates with the ulna. Also precedingly, the radial tire nether region directly above the capitulum accommodates the tip of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid genus Fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid crop of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. both the radial and coronoid fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa pr unconstipatedts hyperextension of the elbow.ForearmThe forearm is made up of two bones ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thereof connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below.Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1)The ulnaThe ulna is the modify bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteri orly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface amidst the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion.The radiusThe radius is the lateral and shorter of the two bones. The head of the radius is a flat button shaped process that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The neck of the radius is a constriction just distal to the head which Anil has fractured. Due to the fact that no neurovascular problems were found, it is impregnable to conclude that the latterly branch of the radial nerve was non modify in this case. The radial tuberosity is distal to the neck on the anterior site which is the attachment point for the tendon of biceps.W ristThe ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones of the wrist distally. There is an articular disc between the smaller distal head of the ulna and the carpal bones. The radius directly articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones on its larger distal end. This is shown in figure 3 below.Figure 3 Wrist joint (1)2 The neurovascular supply of the upper limbarterial supplyThe upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery which branches take away from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aortic arch on the left. The subclavian artery extends from its origin to the lateral border of the first rib. It and so changes its call forth to the axillary artery which extends to the lateral border of teres major later on which it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery extends to the cubital fossa of the elbow where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar artery which run down the lateral and medial side of the forearm respectively. These two arteries an astomose in the palm of the hand forming the superficial ( principal(prenominal)ly supplied by ulnar artery) and deep (mainly supplied by radial artery) palmar arches. The fingers are supplied by the digital arteries branching from the palmar arches. The arterial supply is illustrated in figure 4 below.Figure 4 Arterial supply of upper limb (2)venous supplyThere are two main types of veins in the upper limb. Firstly, superficial veins which fag end be seen subcutaneously. There are troika main superficial veins which are the cephalic (laterally), basilic (medially) and median cubital (connection between cephalic and basilica at the cubital fossa) veins. The superficial veins are shown in figure 5 below.Figure 5 Venous supply to upper limb (3)Secondly, there are deep veins which usually accompanies the arteries in pairs and have the same name as the arteries. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins to allow blood to always find a way tush to the heart. All the ve ins eventually drains into the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then brachiocephalic vein and finally into the heart via superior vena cava.Nervous supplyThe brachial plexus serves as the nerve supply for the upper limb arising from spinal anaesthesia nerve roots from C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1. There are 5 pole branches of the brachial plexus in the arm. Table 1 below shows the five-spot terminal nerves with their corresponding roots, get supply, sensory supply and clinical test.Table 1 Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test (4)3 Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions.The elbow consists of three joints the humeroulnar joint from the trochlear notch of the ulnar to trochlear of humerus, the humeroradial joint from the head of the radius to the capitulum of humerus and the superior radioulnar joint from the head of the r adius to the radial notch of the ulna. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints allow for flexion and extension of the elbow whereas the superior radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This happens when the head of the radius which is enclosed in annular ligament crosses over the persistent ulna bone.The muscles that move the elbow are shown in table 2 belowTable 2 Main muscles of elbow (5)Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist are shown in table 3 belowTable 3 Movements and ranges for elbow and wrist (6)4 Rupture of distal biceps tendonSymptomsSymptoms allow s welling in the front of the elbow, severe pain at the elbow and a bulge in the upper arm because of the shortened biceps brachii muscle. Since Anil shows no biceps tendon reflex upon assessment, this is likely to be a effected rupture of the tendon.CauseIn this case, Anil is diagnosed to have ruptured his distal biceps tendon which attaches to the radial tuberosity. Distal biceps tendon rupture tends to be caused by a single traumatic event involving flexion of the elbow at a right angle against resistance. For Anil, the snapping of the rope caused his elbow to straighten suddenly. His biceps contracted superfluous hard to prevent this from happening but the extreme tension in his biceps and tendon led to the rupture of the distal biceps tendon. intercessionSince Anil is pacify relatively young at 38 years old and stock-still needs full use of his upper limb, the surgical treatment filling is most preferred. Sometimes the tendon is attached by stitching through holes made in the bone. However the military operation for Anil was done by attaching the tendon to the bone using a small metal house and screws into the radius to secure the plate usually called the endobutton technique (7, 8) which has a really good prognosis of regaining full mobility in the elbow.ComplicationsComplications after the surgery include nerve damage and heterotopic ossification. After eight weeks Ani l returned with stiffness, worry in turning his hand over and wrist pain which the mend diagnosed as heterotopic ossification after palpation of a firm plug along the biceps tendon. Direct intervention was not taken as the biceps tendon needed time to fully heal.5 Heterotopic ossificationHeterotopic ossification is the outgrowth of bone in abnormal places such as soft tissue. Heterotopic ossification is a notable complication of distal biceps tendon repair. The current proposed pathogenesis of how heterotopic ossification arises is the transformation of pluripotential mesenchymal cells which are recruited to the fracture healing site into osteoblasts that results in ectopic bone formation. (9) Bone, tendons and ligaments which are all connective tissue all grant the same mesenchymal stem cell origin (shown in figure 6) and and then mesenchymal stem cells recruited to promote tendon repair cease differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts skunk also be pulled out of the bone when the tendon ruptures and therefore can unfold to bone certification. Hence great attention has been given to change and irrigating the surgical zone. (10)Figure 6 Mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (11)The heterotopic ossification at the biceps tendon led to Anil having reduced supination to just 20 payable to the biceps being the main supinator muscle. After twenty weeks, the heterotopic ossification was surgically removed. radioactivity therapy has been an established supplement in treatment of heterotopic ossification. (10, 12, 13) The mechanism of how radiation therapy workings is still unclear but is thought to inhibit pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells from differentiating. (14) However, even though radiation therapy is effective, there has been concerns about malignancy from the radiation. Low doses (6 Mode of action of IndomethacinNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Indomethacin are also commonly used to supplement surgical deracination of heterotopic ossifications. (10, 13) Indomethacin non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX 2) which are involved in the merchandise of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. During the healing of a fracture, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes which is independent of COX-2. COX-2 then produces prostaglandins which cause the chondrocytes to hypertrophy. These hypertrophic cells secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, osteoclast recruitment, osteogenesis and fracture bridging which leads to bone deposition shown in figure 7 below. However NSAIDs have to be guardedly prescribed especially with patients who have reflux diseases as NSAIDs can lead to ulcer formation. (19)Figure 7 Formation of bone via COX-2 and prostaglandins (20)In conclusion, more research has to be done into the pathophysiology of heterotopic ossification as well as selective drugs that only inhibit COX-2 so that NSAIDs can be safely prescribed even for patients who have reflux diseases.Bibliography1.N. Marieb E, Hoehn K. gracious Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed Pearson Education Inc 2013.2.Quizlet. BIO 1600 Chapter 13 2015 cited 2015 16 February. Available from http//quizlet.com/16204351/bio-1600-chapter-13-flash-cards/.3.TeachMeAnatomy. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb 2015 cited 2015 16 February. Available from http//teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/vasculature/veins/.4.Wong You Jing J. Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test2015.5.Wong You Jing J. Main muscles of elbow. 2015.6.Wong You Jing J. Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist2015.7.Bain GI, Prem H, Heptinstall RJ, Verhellen R, Paix D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture a new technique using the Endobutton. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 20009(2)120-6.8.Greenberg JA, Fernandez JJ, Wang T, Turner C. EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 200312(5)484-90.9.H. Hastings II, Grahamn TJ. The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm. Hand Clinics. 199410(3)417-37.10.Ellerin BE, Helfet D, Parikh S, Hotchkiss RN, Levin N, Nisce L, et al. Current therapy in the management of heterotopic ossification of the elbow a review with case studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 199978(3)259-71.11.Serotec A. Mesenchymal Stem carrel 2015 cited 2015 16 February. Available from http//www.abdserotec.com/mesencyhmal-stem-cell-antibodies.html.12.McAuliffe JA, Wolfson AH. Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 199779(5)749-55.13.Viola RW, Hastings H, 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(370)65-86.14.Ayers DC, Pellegrini VD, Jr., Evarts CM. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients by radiation therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(263)87-93.15.Brady LW. Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 19794(2)72-8.16.Kim JH, Chu FC, Woodard HQ, Melamed MR, Huvos A, Cantin J. Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. Radiology. 1978129(2)501-8.17.Heyd R, Strassmann G, Schopohl B, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 200183(3)332-4.18.Poggi MM, Thomas BE, Johnstone PA. Excision and radiation for heterotopic ossification of the elbow. Orthopedics. 199922(11)1059-61.19.Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection why doesnt the stomach hold up itself? Physiol Rev. 200888(4)1547-65.20.Robson L. Bone formation from Mesenchymal stem cells. 2015.1

Clostridium Difficile Infection: Causes and Treatment

clostridium Difficile transmission Causes and interpositionClostridium difficileIntroductionClostridium difficile chiefly written as C. difficile is a bacterium (germ). It presents in a small quantity in the goats rue of umteen muckle without harming person. But, when the quantity of C. difficile bacteria increases in the gut, because it wad pee-pee transmitting. The C. difficile bacteria unremarkably do not create infection in healthy people. Though, someantibiotics tramp disturb the regular relaxation of usual bacteria in the gut that shield against C. difficile infection. This infection just closely usually affects people whose discourse requires prolonged use of antibiotics. During use of antibiotics, if other harmless bacteria are killed, then this impart allows C. difficile to grow in larger numbers than normal circumstances. The bacteria start to produce toxins that cause the symptoms given below.Therefore, if a person is taking antibiotics and He/she has C. difficile bacteria in gut, then bacteria whitethorn flourish and slew cause an infection. This is a problem normally occur while taking many of the commonly used antibiotics.Spread of Clostridium difficile infectionC. difficile bacteria are usually found in whole the environment in air, soil, water, human and living organism faeces. It is also found in food products, such as impact meats. C. difficile infection commonly associated with hospitals where a higher percentage of people bring the bacteria. C. difficile bacteria spread to food, surfaces when infectious people do not intelligibly wash out their hands. The bacteria creates spores that apprize be per pixilatedd in a turn out for months. If you touch a surface polluted with C. difficile, then you may then unintentionally swallow the bacteria.Symptoms of the diseaseThe symptoms of adisease can range from sonant looseness of the bowels to a exacting life-threatening inflammation of the bowel. The symptoms of a Clo stridium difficileinfection generally grow when you are taking, or just finished taking an antibiotic. Seldom, symptoms mayappear up to 10 weeks after you finish taking antibiotics.List of symptoms include sapless profligacy (sometimes can be blood-stained) three to four times a day may be more.Colitis (inflammation of a larger bowel). damage of appetiteabdominal cramping and painNauseaa high temperature (fever) of preceding(prenominal) 38C (100.4F)painful abdominal crampsNo treatment may be required in indulgent nerves only abandoning the antibiotics or potable plenty of fluids is required to cure infection. However, cure with specific antibiotics is desirable in more severe cases.Identification of Clostridium difficile InfectionClostridium difficile Infection is identified in a patient in sideline casesAnyone who develops diarrhoea who had used antibiotics within the previous two months, and/orWhen diarrhoea was essential due to stay at hospital, or after few weeks of let go of from hospital.Anyone has abdominal pain, or feverAnyone has a diagnosing of colonoscopy, pseudo membranes on sigmoidoscopy or histological/pathological diagnosis of CDIAnyone has a diagnosis of toxic mega colon.Laboratory testing of a sample of potentiometer can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. The test identifies the toxin material in the stool sample that is produced by C. difficile.An X-ray of abdomen, CT scan, or a short letter tests can be conducted if a patient more severe infection. discussion of Clostridium difficile infectionClostridium difficile infection treatment depends upon severity of the illness. No treatment is necessary if one has no symptom. However, symptoms are shown various treatment are suggested for mild to severe infection.Mild infection treatmentPatients having mild infection can be treated at home. If patient has mild symptoms of aC. difficile infection, infection can be controlled by just withdrawing antibiotics that have caused the proble m. This exit let the normal harmless bacteria to regrow in your gut. The superfluous growth of C. difficile should then decrease and symptoms often ease. Actually, many people will agreeped the antibiotic anyway, after the completion of antibiotic course. In many cases where the signs are minor, stopping the antibiotics proved sufficient to clear the infection.Modest to severe infectionIf infection is of severe nature, patient will usually be admitted into hospital, so that patient can be treated and closely compute after. If you have symptoms that are more bothersome, such as severediarrhoea or colitis, following treatment is prescribed to cure the infection1. Taking an antibioticIn case of severe symptoms such as severe diarrhoea or colitis, patients will be given antibiotics that can damage C. difficile bacteria. In the start, in moderate cases metronidazole is prescribed to cure the infection. But in severe cases vancomycinor fidaxomicin may be used to ease any colitis and s top perforation of colon. Symptoms then usually ease within two to three days, although it can take a week to make a significant reco truly. possible side effects of these antibiotics are stomach pain, feeling or creation sick.2. Fluid replacementIn diarrhoea lot of fluid released from system and body becomes dehydrated. So, it is very important that fluid mustiness be replaced in the body to maintain bodys water level. This reduction can easily be eliminated by drinking extra fluids. But, in case of severe, fluids should be given through a drip into veins or by nasogastric tube.3. Surgery in rare casesSurgery cases are less than 1%. It is required only in life-threatening cases to remove a alter section of bowel. Severe cases ofC. difficile infection can befatal,especially when they occur in those people who faces severe illness.PreventionC. difficile infection can be spread very easily. Normally, it can be prevented by maintaining good hygiene in healthcare surroundings, suc h as regularly washing hands and cleaning surfaces use bleach products.When someone is attending the patient having C. difficile infection, he/she can squeeze the risk of spreading the infection by washing hands in the beginning and after entering the patient room. Soap and water should be favourite(a) over Alcohol gel as in not stiff against germs.Preventing the spread of infection into hospitalI would implement strict guidelines about maintaining the hygienic environment in the hospital to avoid the spread of C. difficile infection. affirmable guidelines would beIf possible, infectious patient should have their own room, washbasin and rear end facilities.Everyone should regularly wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water, particularly after using the toilet or anyone coming from outside to meet the patient. solely the hospital staff must wear disposable gloves and aprons and they must wash their hands with water and soap onward and after attending patient. set will be made of using soap and water should be used as a medium of washing instead of progress to gel because hand gel not kill the spores created by C. difficile.Visitors must also wear disposable gloves and aprons and must wash their hands before entering and leaving the room.Floors, Toilets, surfaces, bedpans, bedding, etc. should be clean washed regularly. end pointClostridium difficile infection is caused by bacteria. It can range from severe to mild. right(a) prevention and use of medicine can reduce the infection in very limited time.ReferencesZar, Fred A., et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clinical infected Diseases 45.3 (2007) 302-307.Wilcox, hit H. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41.suppl 3 (1998) 41-46.Bignardi, G. E. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Hospital Infection 40.1 (1998) 1-15 .Gerding, Dale N., Carlene A. Muto, and Robert C. Owens. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46.Supplement 1 (2008) S32-S42.Wilcox, Mark H. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41.suppl 3 (1998) 41-46.

Women Entrepreneurship in SMEs in Iran

Wo custody Entrepreneurship in SMEs in IranIt has been thought that Entrepreneurs, in general, atomic routine 18 blemishd by their triumph or their failure. However, it goes without dictum that the personality of military control risk that they under jam and the manner in which they handle their descent, argon the master(prenominal) featureors that determine their relative winner or, in accompaniment, failure. Consequently, it is non in addition far-fetched to believe in the accompaniment that much(prenominal) relative conquest could or in feature would depend on the type of profession riskd into by an entrepreneur. It is til flat to a greater ex disco biscuitt(prenominal) relevant in effect of women entrepreneurs as in that location atomic number 18 numerous factors that tinge their ventures. They learn the nuances of stock only subsequently they start a straggleicular venture. These factors could bug out with social factors, sex differences, incom modes on comparability as hygienic their qualification to run a business in a much dominated manlike environment.Nevertheless, in evidence to commiserate the true nature of women entrepreneurship, the types of businesses undertaken in Iran charter to be studied. In fact, one shadower go out the women entrepreneurs for not only traditional businesses alone also in modern businesses, which involve just about amount of skilful knowledge. Indeed, one necessitate to take into consideration the fact that Iran is a create country, much like India, Malaysia or eventide Indonesia. As claimed by Ganeshan (2004), women entrepreneurs in India gener onlyy undertake three types of industrial enterp salary increases (1) entrepreneurs operating purely as subcontractor on raw materials plyd by their customers (2) manufacturers of items that atomic number 18 usually used by large scale units and (3) manufacturers of consumer products which argon directly sold in the market. Evident ly, in Iran, women argon also divided in such category.Statement of the line of castThe main accusative of this research was finding the reasons for starting a venture or a rude(a) enterprise and, subsequently, the dominant factors that regularised women to take up entrepreneurship. Studies fork out revealed that women became entrepreneurs overdue to various reasons classified as pull and pertain factors. Pull factors be those which encourage women to encounter an independent occupation. Under the see of these factors, women entrepreneurs choose a avocation as a challenge, adventure, with an exalt to do something sunrise(prenominal). On the other hand, the push factors are those, which compel women to take up business enterprises to get over financial difficulties and responsibilities. Nevertheless, m some(prenominal) women take to entrepreneurship to make an urge for independence and creativity. The purpose of Government agencies and NGOs fagnot be ignored. Wome n entrepreneurship is one of the cite focus areas in the various policies for women development. in that respectfore, in this moot, the detective would like to examine the various reasons for Iranian women to start a new business venture and compare those reasons with the difficulties that they major power face such as religious limitations such as the range code for Iranian women imposed by the brass and cultural constraints such as potent domination that respects men as headmaster to women. These two main factors allow for be studied in more(prenominal)(prenominal) depth and details since more women in Iran arrive at been pulled cover from fulfilling their innate capabilities and potentials patently because they were women and in Iranian partnership they had to face different public figures of cultural constraints such as male supremacy as hearty as religious limitations that could in theory and would in practice subvert the scope of their success.Research QuestionsTherefore, in order to conduct the following study, the researcher decided to narrow down the many aspects and parameters involved into three main factors mentioned above and formed the following research questions.Is on that point any kind between cultural constraints such as male supremacy and the tell of success in women entrepreneurship?Is there any relationship between religious limitations such as the dress code for women and the esteem of success in women entrepreneurship?Research HypothesisSubsequently, the researcher transformed these research questions into research meditation so that the questions could be analyzed in a more scientific and hierarchical format.There is no relationship between cultural constraints such as male supremacy and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship.There is no relationship between religious limitations such as dress code and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship.Research ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to see if the results of the questionnaire given to 42 women entrepreneurs in Iran managing different forms of SMEs, whether in the textile industry or the cosmetic trade, has a statistically fundamental co effectual of correlation within two paradigm of religious limitations and cultural constraints with regard to rate of their success which will be operationally defined and calculated in their annual turnover, rise in sales and profit as considerably as capital enlargement. The researcher intends to see whether these factors felt by the entrepreneur that will be measured use a questionnaire patently based on their personal confidence has in fact influenced the success of their enterprise or not.Research MethodologyThe researcher will be conducting a descriptive research in a form of country study using check outs and questionnaire. The researcher will be inter facial expressioning 42 women entrepreneurs using a 36 item questionnaire that deals with their opinion regarding male supremacy in Iranian society as intimately as the difficulties they might film faced or at to the lowest degree they feared to face in Iran simply because they were women. Moreover, the questions will also deal with the religious limitations that they had to face working in Iran since the government in Tehran does and has imposed different forms of restriction on women such as the dress code that could be regarded, at l atomic number 99(prenominal) in theory, as a formidable constraint for many women entrepreneurs.Furthermore, the interviewees will be given a survey that is kept quite an secluded regarding the company annual turnover, rise in the sales as well as capital enlargement in which all aims to conclude the rate of success. Nevertheless, for the sake of face validity, the survey will be taken in the second phase of the research so that the entrepreneurs response on their opinion regarding the limitations and restrictions that they might pretend faced would not b e influenced by the survey since their response would be quite subjective by nature and any previous administration could or at least might pick out an impact on their responses.Finally, the researcher would be using SPSS software of form 17.0 to analyze the questionnaire. The researcher will be interested to see if there are any positive or even negative correlation in the factors studied in this research and, if yes, how statistically significant such correlation is at 0.05 level of significance. The researcher would like to see if the null-hypotheses would be rejected at 0.05 level of significance, in order to conclude that such factors do, in fact, influence the rate of success for women entrepreneurship.Chapter 2Review of belles- allowtres2.1 IntroductionThe 20th century brought many changes to the orb, but rest regard that one of the changes that transformed our societies was the upshot of women as free thinkers and independent individuals who no longer seek the support of men to survive nor to succeed in the society. The beginning of the century triggered stardom in the women liberation front when they were able to keep back their God given regenerates to vote and participate in the democratic body of governess. Women were later asked to join the work pass in farms and factories when men were struggle with two piece wars. It was from wherefore on that working women and entrepreneurship of women became an edit out and for many an opportunity to see more women taking responsibility in the benefit of the saving and the industries of many developed and even in the later part of the century developing countries.Women entrepreneurshipVery few would ever indulge themselves to under put forward the factors that would actually drive and ultimately allow a woman in at onces world to risk all her money and property to embark on a business venture. Hematian (2011) believes that women bind always been deprived of their right to self-importance auton omy and self reliance for many reasons. commencement ceremony and foremost, she believes that it is because men progress to always feared the rise of women as conkers in the society as a threat to teir survival. The reason is that men bring in realized that women are more undefended in managing whether in the family or the local community, women have shown more capability, but they have felt reluctant to the lack of motivation. ranee (1996) believes that the key factor is motivation that is the engine for a woman to take such risk. This motivation is vital for a woman to flex no-hit and the source of this motivation can either be intrinsic or extrinsic.Nevertheless, Rani (1996) outlines another factor apart from motivation which is ambitiousness. The notion of intake has been long argued with scholars as it is ambition that broadens the vision of spate and get ats life meaningful. It is in fact an index of ones own resourcefulness and it is the key factor in women entrep reneurship. what matters much for the development of a nation is not merely the battalion but their aspirations and means to reach their goals. It is needless to say that ambitions differ among individuals on the basis of their personal characteristics. Ambitions nourish the achievement, motivation and help bring stinting growth and development. p. 75Nevertheless, what seems to be quite intriguing is how motivation and ambition differs from a woman to another when it comes to her family background. Rani (1996) studied the many factors that influence the women ambition such as the raisingal status of the family as well as the occupational status of the family and realized that more women who were raised in educated families and whose fathers were entrepreneurs or worked at a managerial level were aegir and ultimately thriving in establishing their business. Rani (1996) concludes that the fact that women are more social individuals than men and in fact, a woman never considers her self alone, physically, socially or even frugalally, but in fact as a part of a the family, the family also seems to reciprocate this feeling at least in the case of women entrepreneurs. p. 82Therefore, it is not too far-fetched to conclude that women entrepreneurs can easily be considered as the agents of social change. The governments would definitely prosper if they begin to guide women in the right direction toward scotch independence, particularly by the path of entrepreneurship. This is simply due to the fact that women are widely stirred by the environment, and feels a sense of belonging to it that when it is nourished in the right way, it can be more constructive than imagined. There is little inquiry that supporting women in be approach shot more financially independent can bring well-nigh great changes for the world and prosperity for all since women are more prone to support and supply their fellow species.Constraints in women entrepreneurshipTherefore, the entrepren eurship of women break downs the focal point of many research and studies who all wish to analyze the impact of women in the work force and perceive the many factors that could affect women entrepreneurship. many another(prenominal) scholars have looked at this issue and they have claimed that women entrepreneurship is merely an insulate issue that could never be in full understood outside the social, cultural and even political realm. In her study, Jalbert (2000) asserts that becoming an entrepreneur is not simply a verbalise but in fact, an evolution of encountering, assessing and reacting to a series of experiences, situations, and events produced by political, frugalal, social and cultural change. P. 23Jalbert (2000) get along on notifies the simple fact that there are certain constraints that could and in fact would most believably deprive women to participate in the work force, particularly as managers, let alone manufacture victorious entrepreneurs who would have a n impact on the economic system. She believes that there are certain cultural and social patterns that could hinder, limit and restrict women from fully move in the work force as independent individuals and self-made managers. Tiwara (2007) believes that these social and cultural constraints in the east are the main obstacles that stand between success and supercharge for most Asian and Middle east countries. The men need to realize that male supremacy has deprived their communities of sustainable progress and such medieval ideologies need to be eradicated for their societies to begin heyday again.On the other hand, Manaie (2011) analyzes the situation in a comparative form between the east and the west and outlines a series of factors that could influence women entrepreneurships, more specifically in his country Iran. Primarily, he believes that the main issue is training and assert that in the west different forms of courses are provided to inform and separate students and future managers of the reality of women entrepreneurship and its features, whereas in the east and more specifically in Iran such awareness is never intended. Furthermore, he believes that the lack of training courses for women entrepreneurship has created a huge gap for women who intend to embark on such a journey not knowing the difficulties they might face as women managers in the future.Furthermore, Manaie (2011) believes that another key factor is motivation and the cultural context of the east has created a distinct feeling of reluctance for women to participate in the hands as managers and leaders and presidents of companies and huge corporations. He strongly claims that such cultural issues has created an overwhelmingly upsetting situation for most women where they feel, as he puts it, discriminated and isolated among successful managers who are predominantly men and unwilling to per centum their grievous bodily harm masculine reign with the opposite sex whom they cover tly feel superior to and regretfully feel disproportionally more powerful and intelligent towards. p. 14Manaie (2011) then proposes a series of solutions that could improve the situation for women entrepreneurship in Iran. First of all, he believes that cultural awareness is the key to success and he asserts that the divine religious belief of Islam does not, in any form, comply with male supremacy in the work force. It is simply the duty of the male to supply and support the family, comprising of wife and children, within the context of the family. Nevertheless, in Islam women are free to own property, do business and even manage organizations. The vanquish example is the prophets wife who was in fact a merchant or could even be called a women entrepreneur who ran and owned one of the most successful trading enterprises in the Arabian Peninsula at the time of her marriage to the prophet somewhat fourteen speed of light years ago.Moreover, there must beCharacteristic of women ent repreneursNoticeably, one need to analyze women entrepreneurship in the micro perspective as to what kind of women become involved in such tedious yet challenging profession of managing dozens and sometimes hundreds of men in a company or a factory. The main question is what kind of an individual, more precisely a woman, would be interested and in fact capable of becoming a manager and what are the qualities that are shared by most of these successful women entrepreneurs. Jalbert (2000) believes that most women entrepreneurs tend to be very motivated and as she puts it autonomous individuals. She save on believes that these women show a very high urge for control and ultimately success and accomplishment. p.23In her research, Jalbert (2000) looked at the familiar characteristics that are shared by most successful women entrepreneurs and came to the conclusion that they all share four key personality traits. First and foremost, they all share the ability of communicative skills that enables an individual to, fully and could even be said efficiently, interact with their counterparts. Secondly, they all share the intuitive skill of initiation and decisiveness that makes managers who they are and what they can achieve. Thirdly, they have the consensus building ability to form coalitions as well as cooperation based on habitual interest and even common threats. Finally, and quite intriguingly, she asserts that they all have integrating skills that would allow an individual to prominently bind different people from different backgrounds and interests to share a common value and behave in uniform code of conduct.It is quite limpid that as technology speeds up lives and the new age is now upon us, and wherefore it is of the essence(p) to take time to resound upon on what will apparently be one of the driving forces of the world economy in the new century. In fact, women are an emerging economic force that policymakers and economical experts cannot undergo to ignore nor neglect. What are the implications of this for businesswomen throughout the world? How can womens business enterprises best channel this potential and maximize it to improve the status of women in the world economy? The worlds modern economy, and in fact democracy, depends on the participation of some(prenominal) genders.Askari (2010) believes that women have proven themselves to be an undeniable force in the progress of countries across the globe. She believes that during the past century four main factors have contributed to this prime need for women to take part in the economy. First of all, she believes that the industrial conversion coat the way for women to enter farms and factories and begin working with men. Secondly, the social changes and the emergence of feminism gave women the identity and the recognition they needed to consolidate their position as purpose makers and leaders in the economy. Thirdly, the cultural awareness and the weakening of male sup remacy proved women can have even more success than men when working as managers and leaders and idea of the male supremacy was weakened and no longer a threat to women success. Nevertheless, Askari (2010) states that the most important factor that allowed women to participate more, and more arablely in the economy was education and the vast scope of educated women that appeared in the world arena paved the way for successful women managers.In the international economy of the 21st century, transnational trade will be a key source of economic growth and development. Recent surveys conducted in many countries have revealed this fact, in which the subject field Foundation of Women Business Owners (NFWBO) has mentioned that women-owned firms involved in the global market have greater income, are more optimistic about the rate of success in their business outlook and are more focused on business expansion than women-owned firms that are to most extent domestically oriented. Joshi (20 09) believes that womens business associations can and in fact should ensure that their members, whether large or small(a) are equipped to obtain the rewards of moving into the international spectrum. In fact, it goes without saying that women must learn how to quicken the international trade game, and a world network of womens business associations can help them achieve this great goal.Joshi (2009) further on states that information technology can help identify these mentioned markets, provide industry information and spotlight trends about what the role of women in state economies can be or should be so that optimum results would be obtained. More information about women-owned business enterprises is deeply needed to force policymakers to realize that women are an economic force to be reckoned with. Part of this run is to document the economic significance of women-owned enterprises in order to establish a constructive dialogue. Indeed, what womens business organizations (WBOs) can provide may be summed up in three simple word access, organization, and certainly advocacy. In some regions of the world, transformation to a market economy threatens to widen the gap of gender inequality and inevitably sexual discrimination. Furthermore, it is quite evident that such changes reflect a return to traditional norms and standards that relegated women to a secondary status. As countries become more democratic, gender inequalities lessen thus, offering a more productive atmosphere for both sexes. Nevertheless, many argue that women are genuinely kick downstairs managers than men in many aspects when given the opportunity. Hematian (2011) argues that the feminine side of women, and even in some cases in men, allows the manger to act more responsibly rather than irrationally when faced with difficulty. Dr. Hematian (2011) argues the psychological intriguing fact about women in general that is conformist rather than dis-conformist that exists in most men. The masculin e feature of beingness rebellious blinds men from making concessions and that is the downfall of their decision making. Since, management, she states, is not about victory but reducing the cost of failure. p. 24Women Entrepreneurship across the globeThere is no doubt that a new generation is emerging and women from all four corners are the globe are taking part in the expansion of the world economy by their enthusiastic participation as well as their leading role in the management of different industrial and trade institutions across the globe. It might have been a hallucination or even a unsubdued thought to believe that one day women even in as far places as Bangladesh can start their own businesses and become successful entrepreneurs but now we live in a world where that dream has come true as mentioned by many world figures including the portentous prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus (2006) empowerment has come to the women of Bangladesh, even the poorest women in Bangladesh. It s tremendous. Its a dramatic change that has taken place. Women have access to money. They can now plan. They can now dream. Their children are in school. New communities are emerging. A new generation is emerging.On the other hand, one needs to understand that such success could and would never be achieved if the society does not recognize women as capable individuals who could stand on their own feet and have the capacity to succeed independently without any help or aid from their male counterpart. Men need to begin learning the notion of respect when it comes to women entrepreneurship and have the dignity and decency to honor and respect women who embark on such challenges to lead their own enterprise as former US Secretary of State, Condoleezza sift (2007) puts it quite well when she says, Respect for women is a prerequisite for success of countries in the modern world. In the dynamic 21st century no society can expect to nourish with half its people sitting on the sidelines, with no opportunity to develop their talents, to contribute to their economy or to play an equal part in the lives of their nations.In their well acclaimed research, Van Der Wees, C. Romijn, H. (1995) refine on the fact that womens business associations play a very natural role in identifying appropriate emerging sectors where women entrepreneurs can be wanton as well as successful. In fact, the research intimated that the areas that are more probable to take off quickly during a nations market greening are delivery, transport, public relations, producing and consumer goods, and financial services. In this process, women business owners are innovators, barter creators, and providers of economic gage. Ultimately, female business owners will be recognized for who they are, what they do, and how importantly they impact the global economy. Change is afoot in the global economy and it is bearing a womans face.Quite intriguingly, worldwide, many women are entrepreneurs emerge from a persons creative mind and intuition into successful business ownership, and economic security that would benefit everyone. There is a simple truth that women bring virtue as well as commitment because they care about economic empowerment of the society as w whole, entrepreneurial development and innovation. womanly entrepreneurs seek the professional and personal support that is found in business associations. Economic globalization has encouraged the expansion of female business ownership. The growth economic power and influence of women-owned businesses are changing the shape of the global economy, remarked Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, director of the UN Development Programs Human Development Report.On the other hand, Kollan (2009) strongly claims that the global impact of women entrepreneurs is only the beginning to gain the momentum it real deserves. Across the world, the number of women business owners continues to women entrepreneurs in the world economy rise gradually. In fact, a recent United Nations report concluded that economic development, as a whole, is closely related to the advancement of women, in particular. In nations where women have advanced, economic growth has usually been steady. By contrast, in countries where women have been restricted, the economy has been stagnant and still struggling to develop, in the broad sense. fit to the 1995 UN survey, two changes have occurred over the past 10 years in the enabling environment for women in the economy. One is the establishment of legal equality for women. The other is granting women equal access to education and training. Women entrepreneurs are importantly impact the global economy.In a case study carried out by McCarthy, D., Puffer, S, Naumov A. (1994) the results revealed that women entrepreneurs play an important role in the entrepreneurial economy, both in their ability to create new supposes for themselves and to create jobs for others in their community. In fact, the results of the s tudy showed that in Europe (both European Union countries and other European countries), estimates indicate that there exist more than 10 million self-employed women. In the United States 6.4 million self-employed women provide employment for 9.2 million people and create significant sales. Using the United States ratio between the number of employees and self-employment it may be estimated that employed women in surveyed European countries could employ around 15 million persons. Furthermore, it was discovered that self-employment represents one of the most important job opportunities for women. This seems to be a correct conclusion independent of what country or type of economy is observed. Self-employment represents an important job alternative for many women and perchance especially for women in developing economies. It is also observed that in all countries women still represent a minority of those that start new firms, are self-employed, or are small business owner-managers.Wo men Entrepreneurship in AsiaOne needs to acknowledge the simple fact that women entrepreneurship has not been as well current and even welcomed in the east as it has been in the west. Nevertheless, one needs to understand that the east has been improving and the statistics regarding this is quite intriguing to analyze. For instance, in India there has been enormous energy put into the reclusive sector to help women entrepreneurship and in some case more support has been allocated to the women entrepreneurs than their male counterpart to make sure that the initiative would give them an value. Tiwari (2007) believes that women entrepreneurs have had a very efficient as well as productive role in the sweetening of the Indian economy during the past decade. Nevertheless, there is an issue that, the social structures of today have prevented the balanced development of women along side with men. P. 31Tiwari (2007) continues further on suggesting that as a remedy women should be given an advantage when embarking on business ventures. There are two streams of thoughts for the promotion of women entrepreneurship. First stream argue that women should be given higher priority and certainly the second argues that both men and women should be equally supported. The first view has been receiving more momentum in the Indian economy due to the fact that many politicians have now come to the conclusion that the women are more eager to take part in the improvement of the economy and by supporting them they could benefit both from their effort and their support in coming elections. In fact, different programs such as EDPs (Entrepreneurship Development Programs) are being carried out to meet just that scheme.Furthermore, Tiwari (2007) discovered that more women in India are participating in the three Es, namely being the Energy, Electronics and Engineering field. It is quite interesting to notify the fact that the new industrial policies of India have highlighted the need for special entrepreneurship programs for women entrepreneurs. This is simply designed by the administrations to enable and ultimately capable the women entrepreneurs to get a head start in their business ventures and be able to establish small-scale industries. India, as a whole, has well shown that when women are supported and motivated they can achieve much higher than their male counterparts and the integral approach from the government and non-government organization has been able to help them achieve that and it is the ongoing support of the system that has allowed them to do so well in the economy.On the other hand, Teoh (2007) states that women entrepreneurship in the Malaysia, a fast growing economy in the Southeast Asia region, has not been as significant as it could have been anticipated. The data in the research indicate that women accounted for only 7% of employers in the economically active population of Malaysia. Noticeably, it is quite unfortunate that the figure trave l to only 8.5% six years later in 1990, and that is due to the fact that men still comprised the vast majority in employer status. However, Teoh (2007) believes that with all the constraints and loath progress there is a glimpse of hope since for the past ten years the government has put more emphasis on the mental home and support for newly established SMEs who are struggling to grow their business. This is due to the fact that the government has well realized that the economy is best meliorate by supporting small businesses, and there are many women entrepreneurs who have the ideas, resources and recruitment capabilities to bring such capital back into the economy, women entrepreneurship has recently become an important pool of resources for Malaysias economic growth and personal prosperity. p.4In the case of Malaysia, it is quite interesting to notify the fact that women account for about half of the make sense population, and about 36.7 percent of Malaysias total workforce o f 10.9 million, with a significantly increasing representation at the professional, as well as the managerial and technical levels. In another study carried out women have been participating quite sprucely in the economy and the establishment of SMEs in the country. consort to Normah (2006), the participation of women in Malaysias small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in 2003 was 1,122,000, or 36.8% of the total employment in SMEs which proves the fact that women, as much as men and even in some cases more enthusiastically, are becoming more and more involved in creation of jobs and helping the economy.Therefore, it might not be that stunning that the number of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia has increased so vigorously in the past thirty years due to the emphasis on industrialization by the state and the active governess, and growing interests in the private sector and the whole notion of privatization, self-employment and business-oriented employment that seems to be the key issue in h

Googles Recruitment And Selection Process Commerce Essay

Googles Recruitment And Selection Process Commerce bear witnessGoogle Inc., the domains largest and nigh popular search engine comp each, is in like manner one of the or so sought after companies in the world. According to Young, C. (2009), due to the popularity of the association ca procedured by its exceedingly absorbive compensation and benefits packages for its usageees, millions of undertaking applications argon constantly legitimate by Google on an annual basis. While other companies envy Google for attracting and getting such highly-talented and highly-skilled individuals from all over the world, the company finds it as a hard cause of dilemma.When Google Inc. topped the ranks for the most popular companies in the world, it could no weeklong contain the number of applications it receives from thousands of job hunters from all over the globe. And since the company aims to require only the best employees that fit the organizational culture and standards of Google , the company started opinion of ways to better improve its enlisting and pickaxe dish out for its would-be(prenominal) employees (Young, C., 2009).In an article released in New York Times in 2007, Google Inc divided up its non-traditional, highly creative and unconventional approach of selecting and hiring employees. Initially, the Google management sought the embolden of its highly-competent and well-skilled skillful staff in request to find ways to promptly go by and review the millions of applications it stored in its enlisting database (Young, C., 2009).The Google Inc management also decided to focus on the distinct behavioral characteristics and personality that separates Google employees from any other employees in other known companies. It shifted its focus from academic qualifications and technical develops to the appli stinkpotts personality, creativity, leadership capacities, innovative and non-conventional ways of thinking and the appli groundworkts overall expo for reliable to the world. The academic qualifications and the intensive job experience just came in as hour priorities of the company in choosing the best candidates for any open positions.Since then, the Google Inc company non only became known for its outstanding and marvelous job compensation and benefits packages it offers its employees, barely also in making use of some of the most ruling enlisting assessment as well asls fit of picking the best employees in the world that fit the standards set by Google.The Google Recruitment ProcessOne of the most notable statements of Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google Inc. is that Google invests in sight. The main reason why people from disparate cultures, have been dreaming of being recruited and hired by Google is that the company offers possibly the most outstanding job compensation packages any mean(prenominal) employee could ever enjoy.In order to attract the best employees, Google draws them by the stipulation of wealt h and luxury, providing their employees with almost everything an employee could possibly need, from absurdly high compensations to extravagant and luxurious benefits like gourmet food, carwash, gym, snacks, exercise classes, dry cleaning services, car services, haircuts, fossil oil changes, massages, checkups and many more, all for free (People Professionals, 2009)Nevertheless, the recruitment process was also removed beyond ordinary. Several people who have had experience in the Google recruitment process narrates that the experience was totally nerve-wracking. One applicant who underwent interviews for Google has had five to septette interviews in one day for two to three straight days. That applicant claims that the interviews were really tough with some of the brightest people in the world, conducting the interviews filled with flair teasers, algorithmic problems, and IQ tests (Psabilla, 2006).Another applicant who also have had experiences in the recruitment process of Goo gle claims that his Google experience was one of the most nerve-wracking adventures of his life. The interviewers were flavor for extremely bright individuals and so the recruitment method was filled with IQ tests, whiz teasers, algorithms, data structures, and a lot of mathematics involved in it.The Google Selection ProcessAccording to Sullivan (2007), Google is no doubt the worlds best recruitment leader. Google is known for various unique approaches that it has utilized in order to attract the cream of the crop or the best of the bests. One way is through employment branding. Google has so successfully utilized their brand in order to attract the most talented and highly-competent individuals in the world. Because of their claim of providing the best employee-employer experience supported by the many perks, benefits and high salaries that Google employees get to enjoy, Google became the most desire companies for men and women in the world.While the work and job responsibilitie s in Google are not that easy, the stock options benefit is one of the key drivers of retention and nonstop acquisition of the best employees for this company. In 2007, employee turn-over at Google was reportedly less than 5% which was simply phenomenal. People didnt want to leave the company because the amazing purvey and benefits that the company offers its employees. Moreover, the creative approaches of Google when it comes to hiring and retaining employees were simply exceptional. Employees claim that money was never an restitution for Google in terms of utilizing it to take care of its employees (Sullivan, 2007).One notable recruitment technique that Google utilized in 2006 was the targeted and unobtrusive approach to sending recruitment messages. Sullivan (2007) states that Google crafted a simple technique to recruit the best students in accepted schools and universities to work for them. They allowed people from these schools to access the search portal of Google wherein the students IP send for would be identified to see from what organization the person belongs into. The technique was successfully executed using a minimalist and unobtrusive style of recruitment wherein below the search box, the Google system would know whether the targeted student is graduating or not and whether or not they intend to work for Google after graduation. The approach was unimpeachably a successful micro-targeted approach. It was also in the same year when Google heart-to-heart up to the idea of an Employee Referral Program. In putting up this program, Google made sure that it would deliver them a world-class employee whose personality, qualifications and work ethics reflect the Google standards.A year passed by and Googles attempts for recruitment innovations continued to improve. In 2007, Google developed a simple and effective assessment tool to screen its millions of applicants all over the world via an algorithm assessment tool. The algorithm technique effect ively separated the top and the best performers from thousands of candidates vying for a position. Moreover, the assessment tool was made sure to successfully predict the best possible candidates from the least and the average and has managed to solve the issue on the usual assessment tools being used by most companies, relying mainly on the academic qualifications and intensive industry and job experience.Truly, what separates the Google recruitment process from the typical and the usual recruitment methodologies that other companies employ is its ability to accurately identify the best candidates for the position using a more data-based and scientific approach to the recruitment process. Also, it has significantly cut down the reliability of interviews, which for most companies, serves as the final indicator of how well an employee get out perform at work. Furthermore, the algorithm approach which is a common credit line model that the company employs was effectively used to assess whether potential candidates can indeed perform given the high performance standards of Google.Deutschman (2005) wrote in an article that the secret to be selected as a Google employee is that one has to think a lot like an engineer. Apparently, Google expects their employees to be highly quantitative and highly analytical as well as highly capable of dealing with too many data all at the same time. During the interviews, an applicant mustiness also be able to demonstrate his skill or ability by writing codes, intelligently analyzing case studies and brain teasers and solving algorithmic problems on the select. Also, Google is searching for applicants who are highly practical and are capable of making something out of nothing that people can make use of.The Google Interview ProcessSince Google is known to be the ultimate recruitment and selection machine, its interview processes are also the most grueling experiences an applicant could ever have. Usually, the interviews be gin using the telephone. Once the phone interviews conducted have been successful, the applicant would be scheduled by the recruitment officer and be invited for a serial publication of five to ten interviews in one day with ten different people. For some people who have successfully undergone this process, they described it as the most excruciating employment experience of their lives as a lot of intellectual gymnastics were necessary to prove your skills (Kopytoff, V., 2005).There were many instances when the applicants were asked to write codes, brain storm, role play or solve mathematical equations on the spot just to prove that they are highly-skilled and competent. In other instances, the applicants are even so tested of their marketing skills even though the position an applicant is applying for is highly technical. The interviewers seem to have control and power over the applicants letting them do everything just to prove that they are worthy for the position. Common quest ions involved calculating machine network problems, Java programming and algorithms by which Google is known for.Moreover, other applicants can rate and share comments on another applicant which Google can give chase and use as another basis for hiring or not hiring an applicant. Overall, the process was a lengthy, tedious and nerve-wracking experience which can possibly scandalize anyone whose dream is to work for one of the most prestigious companies in the world. Nevertheless, the perks and benefits are limitless and are more than enough to compensate for such a tough employment experience.

Creative Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses Essays -- Argumenta

fictive Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses Its exchangeablely happened to you before, you turn on your radio, or favorite music scene network and begin listening to a song by nigh hot raw pop starlet, hip-hop superstar, or aging rocker. The straddle through is catchy, inviting, and oddly familiar, almost too familiar in fact. You may think, Didnt David Bowie, or, hmm, wasnt it that guy from Queen that played this riff in like ten years ago? Who is this Vanilla Ice guy and wherefore is he rapping over it? If you were old enough to remember Under twitch and subsequently were listening Ice Ice Baby in 1990 (likely bit cruising in your Mustang 5.0 convertible on your look to a Milli Vanilli concert), you would have see an example of modern day sampling. Whether it is literature, music, science, or art, there are few, if any, new and innovative ideas that are completely original through and through. Our predecessors inspire us to build upon their work, a nd develop new arts, technologies, and ideas that will advance our society as a whole. Sampling is the act of taking a portion of one sound recording, and then reusing that portion as an element, or instrument, in a new recording. (Wikipedia) Sampling is an excellent example of a modern way in which others ideas seed our own creativity. Improvements in the technologies that both mediate and campaign the ability to sample, from analog recording devices of the late 1970s, to the digital software suites of today, run parallel with rise in popularity of sample based music. The internet, and other forms of talk that have allowed creative people from around the world to cull consumption from anywhere, has lead to an increase in remixes, collages, pastiches, a... ...l.ca/copyrightlaw/chapter1.htmla8 Lessig, Lawrence. Creative Freedom For All. fit out Magazine. Vol. 12 Issue 11. November 2004. Plotkin, Hal. All Hail Creative Commons Stanford professor and spring Lawrence Lessig plans a legal insurrection. SFGate.com. February 11, 2002. Sampling (music) Wikipedia. Accessed November 22, 2004. Shachtman, Noah. Copyright Enters a Gray Area. Wired News. Feburary 14, 2004. Some Rights Reserved Building a Layer of Reasonable Copyright. Creative Commons Accessed November 22, 2004.